Clinical Outcome after Clavicular Hook Plate Fixation for Displaced Medial-End Clavicle Fractures

Background@#Surgery of the medial end of the clavicle remains a challenge for orthopedic surgeons. Moreover, there is no standard surgical procedure for treating displaced fractures or dislocation of the medial clavicle. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of using a hook plate for treating medial-end clavicular fractures and present functional outcomes. @*Methods@#We retrospectively investigated 18 patients who underwent surgery with a hook plate from July 2016 to December 2021. There were 14 men and 4 women with a mean age of 57.4 years. Fracture union was assessed at follow-up by computed tomography (CT). Other outcome parameters were complications, including implant failure, infection, nonunion, osteolysis of sternal manubrium, and migration of the hook portion. Range of motion (ROM), visual analog scale (VAS), Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Quick DASH), and American Shoulder and Elbow Society (ASES) scores were evaluated 6 months postoperatively and at the last follow-up. @*Results@#The mean operation time was 43.8 minutes (range, 35–50 minutes) and the mean follow-up was 22.8 months (range, 12–42 months). Bone union was confirmed in all cases. The mean union time was 6.2 months (range, 6–7 months). Implant removal was performed routinely according to the clinical course in 17 cases. The mean implant removal time was 10.0 months (range, 6–14 months). Clinical and functional outcomes measured at the last follow-up were significantly improved compared to those at 6 months postoperatively (p 0.05). @*Conclusions@#Clavicle hook plating can be a safe and effective method that can be easily applied with good outcomes if it is used with appropriate surgical planning and technique for medial-end clavicle fracture. CT scans are useful for preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation of bone union or complications.

Functional Myelography as a Diagnostic Tool in Patients with a Mismatch between Symptoms and MRI Findings

Objectives@#The aim of this study was to analyze the usefulness of functional myelography in patients with a mismatch between symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.Summary of Literature Review: Functional myelography was a widely-used diagnostic tool decades ago, although it has been considered to be an old-fashioned technique since MRI was invented. Despite its invasiveness, functional myelography can be a useful method, with advantages in axial loading situations in symptomatic patients and its dynamic element at the point of imaging. @*Materials and Methods@#From May 2017 to December 2018, 141 patients who underwent MRI, functional myelography, and surgical treatment were included, and the MRI and functional myelography results were compared. The independent-samples t-test and chi-square test were used to compare parameters, surgical results, and diagnoses using both methods between the matched and mismatched groups. The Fisher exact test was used for post hoc testing. @*Results@#Ten patients (7.1%) had different diagnoses based on MRI and functional myelography. All of these patients’ symptoms matched the functional myelography results, and the patients had non-significantly different visual analogue scale scores for pain in both groups. The diagnoses made by MRI showed statistically significant differences, all of which were negative, in the mismatched group, but the patients did not show a significant difference when diagnosed by functional myelography. We performed surgical treatment according to the functional myelography results, and the patients’ symptoms were relieved, without a statistically significant difference. @*Conclusions@#In patients with a mismatch between symptoms and MRI findings, functional myelography can be a useful additional diagnostic tool.

Intradural Extramedullary Cysticercosis Involving the Thoracolumbar Spinal Canal in a Patient with Cerebral Cysticercosis / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) by Taenia solium is the most common parasitic infection of the central nervous system involving the cerebrum. However, spinal involvement of NCC is rare. Spinal NCC can cause radiculopathy, myelopathy, cauda equina syndrome, and even paraparesis, depending on its location and size. Spinal NCC may require surgical treatment as a first-line treatment because medical therapy can further aggravate the inflammation due to dead cysts, resulting in clinical deterioration. The current standard therapy for spinal NCC is surgical decompression followed by medical therapy. We experienced a case of widespread thoracolumbar intradural extramedullary cysticercosis involving the spinal canal with cerebral cysticercosis. We report this rare case with literature review.

Comparison of Postoperative Pain Control Methods in Patients with Spinal Stenosis after Posterior Spinal Decompression / 대한척추외과학회지

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. OBJECTIVES: This study compared the early postoperative analgesic effects and the postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) associated with 3 methods of pain control after posterior spinal decompression. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Spinal surgery causes severe postoperative pain. Efficient and safe methods for postoperative analgesia after spinal surgery are necessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine the clinical symptoms and to assess improvements in postoperative pain, 52 patients in whom single-level posterior lumbar decompression was planned were randomly assigned to 3 groups. For postoperative pain control, 18 patients received a preoperative single-shot epidural injection (SEI), 16 patients received a postoperative continuous epidural injection (CEI), and 18 patients received only postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA). Patient ratings of pain intensity (visual analog scale score from 0 [no pain] to 10 [most severe pain]), nausea (from 0 [no nausea] to 5 [severe nausea]), and vomiting (from 0 [no vomiting] to 5 [severe vomiting]) were recorded immediately after the operation and at 4 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, and 2 days postoperatively. RESULTS: The CEI group showed significantly enhanced analgesic effects, followed by the SEI group and the IV PCA group (p < 0.05). PONV due to postoperative pain control was more severe in the IV PCA group than in the other 2 groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous epidural injection (CEI) is effective for postoperative pain control and minimizes the occurrence of PONV after posterior spinal decompression.

Diagnosis of C2 Spondylotic Radiculopathy by Physical Examination and Imaging Studies and Treatment by Microscopic Posterior Foraminotomy: A Case Report / 대한척추외과학회지

STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVES: We report the case of a patient with C2 spondylotic radiculopathy who was treated by microscopic posterior foraminotomy. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: C2 spondylotic radiculopathy is rare, but it can occur due to spondylosis, compression by a venous plexus or vertebral artery, or hypertrophy of the atlantoepistrophic ligament. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 64-year-old woman was hospitalized with severe occipital pain radiating toward the left cervical area and posterior to the left ear. It started 3 years previously, and became aggravated 3 months previously. Foraminal stenosis of C1-2 was observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and degenerative changes of the facet joint of C1-2 and osteophytes originating from the left atlantoaxial joint were shown on computed tomography (CT). Dynamic rotational CT showed narrowing of the left C1-2 neural foramen when it was rotated to the left. Selective C2 root block was done, but the pain was aggravated. Thus, we decompressed the C2 nerve root by microscopic posterior laminotomy of the C1 vertebra. After surgery, the patient's occipitocervical pain mostly resolved. By the 6-month follow up, pain had not recurred, and instability was not observed on plain radiographs. RESULTS: C2 Spondylotic radiculopathy was diagnosed by physical examination and imaging studies and it was treated by a surgical approach. CONCLUSIONS: C2 spondylotic radiculopathy should be considered when a patient complains of occipitocervical pain triggered by cervical rotation and C1-2 foraminal stenosis is observed on MRI and CT.

Widespread Lumbosacral Subdural Abscess after Bee Venom Therapy: A Case Report / 대한척추외과학회지

STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVES: We report a case of widespread lumbosacral subdural abscess in a patient who underwent bee venom therapy. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Subdural abscess is rare, but has a poor prognosis. Therefore, prompt recognition and appropriate treatment are paramount. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 54-year-old woman was hospitalized due to severe back pain. Two days previously, she had undergone bee venom therapy. The patient then visited the emergency room because of severe back pain. However, a paraspinal infection was not detected on enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Six days after admission, the patient showed signs of meningeal irritation and an emergency cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed typical findings of bacterial meningitis. Although adequate antibiotic treatment was administered, 20 days after admission, the patient's symptoms became aggravated. Pachymeningeal enhancement, myelomeningitis, and subdural abscess compressing the cauda equina were found on enhanced MRI. Thus, laminectomy between L3–L4 and L5–S1 was performed, as well as subdural abscess drainage. Antibiotic agents were applied for 6 weeks after the operation, and resolution of the subdural abscess was identified on follow-up MRI. RESULTS: In this patient, lumbosacral subdural abscess occurred due to bee venom therapy. It was cured by adequate surgical and antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Bee venom therapy can cause subdural abscess of the spinal cord. Even if it is a rare case, this possibility is worth consideration in the Korean medical context.

Comparison of Postoperative Pain Control Methods in Patients with Spinal Stenosis after Posterior Spinal Decompression

OBJECTIVES@#This study compared the early postoperative analgesic effects and the postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) associated with 3 methods of pain control after posterior spinal decompression.SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Spinal surgery causes severe postoperative pain. Efficient and safe methods for postoperative analgesia after spinal surgery are necessary.@*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#To determine the clinical symptoms and to assess improvements in postoperative pain, 52 patients in whom single-level posterior lumbar decompression was planned were randomly assigned to 3 groups. For postoperative pain control, 18 patients received a preoperative single-shot epidural injection (SEI), 16 patients received a postoperative continuous epidural injection (CEI), and 18 patients received only postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA). Patient ratings of pain intensity (visual analog scale score from 0 [no pain] to 10 [most severe pain]), nausea (from 0 [no nausea] to 5 [severe nausea]), and vomiting (from 0 [no vomiting] to 5 [severe vomiting]) were recorded immediately after the operation and at 4 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, and 2 days postoperatively.@*RESULTS@#The CEI group showed significantly enhanced analgesic effects, followed by the SEI group and the IV PCA group (p < 0.05). PONV due to postoperative pain control was more severe in the IV PCA group than in the other 2 groups (p < 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Continuous epidural injection (CEI) is effective for postoperative pain control and minimizes the occurrence of PONV after posterior spinal decompression.

Diagnosis of C2 Spondylotic Radiculopathy by Physical Examination and Imaging Studies and Treatment by Microscopic Posterior Foraminotomy: A Case Report

OBJECTIVES@#We report the case of a patient with C2 spondylotic radiculopathy who was treated by microscopic posterior foraminotomy.SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: C2 spondylotic radiculopathy is rare, but it can occur due to spondylosis, compression by a venous plexus or vertebral artery, or hypertrophy of the atlantoepistrophic ligament.@*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#A 64-year-old woman was hospitalized with severe occipital pain radiating toward the left cervical area and posterior to the left ear. It started 3 years previously, and became aggravated 3 months previously. Foraminal stenosis of C1-2 was observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and degenerative changes of the facet joint of C1-2 and osteophytes originating from the left atlantoaxial joint were shown on computed tomography (CT). Dynamic rotational CT showed narrowing of the left C1-2 neural foramen when it was rotated to the left. Selective C2 root block was done, but the pain was aggravated. Thus, we decompressed the C2 nerve root by microscopic posterior laminotomy of the C1 vertebra. After surgery, the patient's occipitocervical pain mostly resolved. By the 6-month follow up, pain had not recurred, and instability was not observed on plain radiographs.@*RESULTS@#C2 Spondylotic radiculopathy was diagnosed by physical examination and imaging studies and it was treated by a surgical approach.@*CONCLUSIONS@#C2 spondylotic radiculopathy should be considered when a patient complains of occipitocervical pain triggered by cervical rotation and C1-2 foraminal stenosis is observed on MRI and CT.

Widespread Lumbosacral Subdural Abscess after Bee Venom Therapy: A Case Report

OBJECTIVES@#We report a case of widespread lumbosacral subdural abscess in a patient who underwent bee venom therapy.SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Subdural abscess is rare, but has a poor prognosis. Therefore, prompt recognition and appropriate treatment are paramount.@*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#A 54-year-old woman was hospitalized due to severe back pain. Two days previously, she had undergone bee venom therapy. The patient then visited the emergency room because of severe back pain. However, a paraspinal infection was not detected on enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Six days after admission, the patient showed signs of meningeal irritation and an emergency cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed typical findings of bacterial meningitis. Although adequate antibiotic treatment was administered, 20 days after admission, the patient's symptoms became aggravated. Pachymeningeal enhancement, myelomeningitis, and subdural abscess compressing the cauda equina were found on enhanced MRI. Thus, laminectomy between L3–L4 and L5–S1 was performed, as well as subdural abscess drainage. Antibiotic agents were applied for 6 weeks after the operation, and resolution of the subdural abscess was identified on follow-up MRI.@*RESULTS@#In this patient, lumbosacral subdural abscess occurred due to bee venom therapy. It was cured by adequate surgical and antibiotic treatment.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Bee venom therapy can cause subdural abscess of the spinal cord. Even if it is a rare case, this possibility is worth consideration in the Korean medical context.

Infectious Spondylodiscitis Accompanied by Widespread Thoracolumbar Subdural Abscess / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Subdural abscess is relatively rare compared with epidural abscess, but it can rapidly progress to complete paraplegia with a poorer outcome. In particular, the occurrence of widespread subdural abscess is extremely rare. We experienced a case of widespread thoracolumbar subdural abscess with infectious spondylodiscitis in the thoracic spine. We report this rare case with a review of relevant literatures.

Endovascular stenting of the inferior vena cava in a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome and main hepatic vein thrombosis: a case report

Endovascular stenting is accepted as an effective treatment for patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). We herein present a case of successful endovascular treatment. A 46-year-old woman, who was followed up for 10 years after a diagnosis of BCS, showed progression progressive of liver cirrhosis and deterioration deteriorated of liver function. Three main hepatic veins were thrombosed with complete occlusion of the suprahepatic of the inferior vena cava (IVC); thus, hepatic venous blood flow was draining into the inferior right hepatic veins through the intrahepatic collaterals and passed passing through the subcutaneous venous collaterals. She underwent endovascular stenting of the IVC for palliation. A septoplasty needle was passed through the occluded IVC through into the internal jugular vein access and then to access the femoral vein using a snare wire. Severe elastic recoiling was observed after balloon dilatation; thus, a 28x80 mm stenting was done inserted across the occlusion, and repeat double ballooning was performed. The final venogram shows showed restored IVC inflow. The patient began to lose body weight 1 day after stenting, and edema disappeared within 1 week. She is was doing well at the 6 month follow-up visit with nearly normal liver function and marked resolution of cutaneous venous engorgement. In conclusion, endovascular stenting appeared to be an effective treatment to alleviate portal pressure and to prevent BCS-associated complications; thus, endovascular stenting should be considered before marked hepatic vein stenosis or complete occlusion occurs in patients with BCS.

Semi-Circumferential Decompression: Microsurgical Total en-bloc Ligamentum Flavectomy to Treat Lumbar Spinal Stenosis with Grade I Degenerative Spondylolisthesis

BACKGROUND: To describe and assess clinical outcomes of the semi-circumferential decompression technique for microsurgical en-bloc total ligamentum flavectomy with preservation of the facet joint to treat the patients who have a lumbar spinal stenosis with degenerative spondylolisthesis. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and radiologic outcomes of 19 patients who have a spinal stenosis with Meyerding grade I degenerative spondylolisthesis. They were treated using the "semi-circumferential decompression" method. We evaluated improvements in back and radiating pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). We also evaluated occurrence of spinal instability on radiological exam using percentage slip and slip angle. RESULTS: The mean VAS score for back pain decreased significantly from 6.3 to 4.3, although some patients had residual back pain. The mean VAS for radiating pain decreased significantly from 8.3 to 2.5. The ODI score improved significantly from 25.3 preoperatively to 10.8 postoperatively. No significant change in percentage slip was observed (10% preoperatively vs. 12.2% at the last follow-up). The dynamic percentage slip (gap in percentage slip between flexion and extension X-ray exams) did not change significantly (5.2% vs. 5.8%). Slip angle and dynamic slip angle did not change (3.2° and 8.2° vs. 3.6° and 9.2°, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that semi-circumferential decompression is a clinically recommendable procedure that can improve pain. This procedure does not cause spinal instability when treating patients who have a spinal stenosis with degenerative spondylolisthesis.

Outcome Comparison between Percutaneous Vertebroplasty and Conservative Treatment in Acute Painful Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective comparative study. OBJECTIVES: To compare the outcome of percutaneous vertebroplasty (VP) and conservative treatment for the treatment of acute painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VCF). SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Vertebroplasty is a common procedure for the treatment of acute painful osteoporotic VCF. However, controversy still exists regarding clinical outcomes of the procedure compared with more conservative treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A consecutive group of patients, undergoing VP and conservative treatment at our hospital, between July 2005 and October 2008, were reviewed retrospectively. All patients were reviewed with at least 1 year of follow up. A total of 58 patients underwent 59 VP procedures under local anesthesia at post injury 2 weeks; a total of 31 underwent conservative treatment. These two groups were compared by the kyphotic angle and loss of vertebral body height at immediate post-injury, post-injury 6weeks and 1y ear, radiologically. And they were compared by the visual analog scale(VAS) score and ambulatory status at the same time, clinically. RESULTS: At the time of immediate post-injury, six weeks after post-injury, one year after injury, height loss was 29.73%, 19.81%, 22.59% in the VP group, respectively, and 31.20%, 36.80%, 40.60% in the conservative treatment group, respectively. The Kyphotic angles were 13.44degrees, 9.10degrees, 11.31degrees in VP group, respectively, and 10.29degrees, 15.83degrees, 19.00degrees in the conservative treatment group, respectively. There was a statistically significant reduction of height loss and kyphotic angle in VP group at post-injury of 6 weeks and 1 year(p0.05). CONCLUSIONS: VP prevents further collapse and kyphosis relieves pain quickly and allows early ambulation, but in post-injury 1 year follow up, there was no significant difference in clinical outcomes. Proper treatment should be done with respect to patient's age, general condition, economic status and complication.

Epidural Gas-containing Pseudocyst in Lumbar Spine: A Case Report

STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVES: We report two cases regarding epidural air pseudocyst at the lumbar spine. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Epidural air pseudocyst at the lumbar spine that provokes radiating pain and neurologic symptoms can be misdiagnosed as an epidural tumor or HIVD. Consequently, proper diagnosis and treatment of the epidural air pseudocyst at the lumbar spine is necessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report on two patients with radiculopathy and neurologic symptoms resulting from epidural air pseudocysts. In one patient, the epidural air pseudocyst was found within the epidural ligament flavum area on an MRI, and fluoroscopic-guided FNA (fine needle aspiration) was performed. In the other, the epidural air pseudocyst was found behind the posterior longitudinal ligament and was accompanied by spinal stenosis. In this patient, we conducted open cystectomy and posterior decompression surgery. Results: After treatment, all patients have showed symptom improvement and they are currently living without discomfort. RESULTS: After treatment, all patients have showed symptom improvement and they are currently living without discomfort. CONCLUSIONS: Due to frequent misdiagnosis, the careful diagnosis of lumbar epidural air pseudocyst is necessary. Physicians should select a proper treatment plan concerning the patient's condition and the location of the lesion.

Comparison of Short Segment and Long Segment Posterior Instrumentation of Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Bursting Fractures at Load Sharing Score 7 or Above

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective comparative analysis of the short-segment and long-segment posterior fixation in thoracolumbar burst fractures that are 7 points or above in load-sharing score was performed. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the appropriate level of fixation by comparing the results of short-segment and long-segment posterior fixation. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: There is general consensus that short-segment fixation should be done in thoracolumbar burst fractures that are 6 points or less in load-sharing classification. There is some controversy regarding whether short-segment or long-segment fixation should be done in thoracolumbar burst fractures that are 7 points or above in load-sharing classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1998 through 2008, 32 patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures above 7 points in load-sharing classification had been operated with short-segment (1 segment above and 1 segment below: 23 patients) or long-segment (2 segments above and 1 segment below: 9 patients) transpedicular screw fixation at the author's institution. They were divided by two groups (group I: short-segment fixation, group II: long-segment fixation). The mean age of patients was 49.2 years old and the mean follow-up period was 2.4 years (1-7 years). In preoperative and postoperative simple radiographs, the bony unions, breakages or loosening of implants were assessed, and the losses of correction angle and anterior vertebral body height were measured. RESULTS: In all cases, non-union or loosening of implants were not observed. There was 1 screw breakage in short-segment fixation group during the follow up period, but bony union was obtained at final follow-up. The mean score of load sharing classification was 7.3 in Group I and 7.1 in Group II, and there was no significant difference between two groups. (p>0.05) The mean anterior vertebral body height loss was 5.3% in Group I and 3.6% in Group II and the mean loss of correction angle were 4.72 in Group I and 3.38 in Group II. There was no significant difference between the two groups for both. (p>0.05) CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in radiologic parameters between two groups. Short-segment fixation could be used successfully in selected cases of thoracolumbar burst fractures that are 7 points or above in load-sharing classification.

Evaluation of the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale in Korean Women

BACKGROUND: The Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale (OHBS) is a 42-item questionnaire designed to assess susceptibility, seriousness, calcium benefits, calcium barriers, exercise benefits, exercise barriers, and health motivation related to osteoporosis. We aimed to evaluate its psychometric properties to enable the provision of educational tips regarding osteoporosis. METHODS: All women who had visited the department of obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) and whose bone mineral density was measured from January 2010 to December 2011 were enrolled by interview using the OHBS. We also evaluated the women's general clinical characteristics. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-seven women were enrolled in the present study. In the present study, the barriers to calcium intake subscale had the lowest mean score (15.03+/-3.02), and the Benefit of Exercise subscale had the highest (23.02+/-3.03). The scores for participants in their 20s were significantly higher than scores for those in their 70s on the Benefits of Exercise subscale and Barriers to Exercise subscale (P=0.014 and P=0.022, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Education for health motivation to prevent osteoporosis is important for young women. Additional systematic education programs are needed for the general population.

Efficacy and safety of entecavir plus carnitine complex (GODEX(R)) compared to entecavir monotherapy in patient with ALT elevated chronic hepatitis B: randomized, multicenter open-label trials. The GOAL study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Carnitine and vitamin complex (Godex(R)) is widely used in patients with chronic liver disease who show elevated liver enzyme in South Korea. The purpose of this study is to identify the efficacy and safety of carnitine from entecavir combination therapy in Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevated Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) patients. METHODS: 130 treatment-naive patients with CHB were enrolled from 13 sites. The patients were randomly selected to the entecavir and the complex of entecavir and carnitine. The primary endpoint of the study is ALT normalization level after 12 months. RESULTS: Among the 130 patients, 119 patients completed the study treatment. The ALT normalization at 3 months was 58.9% for the monotherapy and 95.2% for the combination therapy (P<0.0001). ALT normalization rate at 12 months was 85.7% for the monotherapy and 100% for the combination group (P=0.0019). The rate of less than HBV DNA 300 copies/mL at 12 months was not statistically significant (P=0.5318) 75.9% for the monotherapy, 70.7% for the combination and it was. Quantification of HBsAg level was not different from the monotherapy to combination at 12 months. Changes of ELISPOT value to evaluate the INF-gamma secretion by HBsAg showed the increasing trend of combination therapy compare to mono-treatment. CONCLUSIONS: ALT normalization rate was higher in carnitine complex combination group than entecavir group in CHB. Combination group was faster than entecavir mono-treatment group on ALT normalization rate. HBV DNA normalization rate and the serum HBV-DNA level were not changed by carnitine complex treatment.

Pediculo-Iliac Screw Fixation in Vertically Unstable Posterior Pelvic Ring Injury / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Herein, we report 5 cases of vertically unstable posterior pelvic ring injuries treated by pediculoiliac fixation. We enrolled 5 patients (male 3, female 2) with vertically unstable posterior pelvic ring injuries treated by pediculo-iliac fixation. Prior to and following the surgery, radiologic results were compared using Matta and Saucedo's method and the clinical results before and after surgery were compared using the Postel score. The outcomes of radiological evaluation were anatomic reduction in 3 cases and nearly anatomic in 1. The mean postel score at last follow up was very good in 4 cases and poor in 1 case. Lumbosacral pediculo-iliac screw fixation enables early ambulation and it is considered a useful method.

Spontaneous Rupture of the Extensor Pollicis Longus Tendon in a Tailor

A spontaneous rupture of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon is associated with rheumatoid arthritis, fractures of the wrist, systemic or local steroids and repetitive, and excessive abnormal motion of the wrist joint. The authors encountered a case of a spontaneous rupture of the EPL tendon. The patient had no predisposing factors including trauma or steroid injection. Although the patient had a positive rheumatoid factor, he did not demonstrate other clinical or radiological findings of rheumatoid arthritis. During surgery, the EPL tendon was found to be ruptured at the extensor retinaculum (third compartment). Reconstruction of the extensor tendon using the palmaris longus tendon was performed. At the 18-month follow-up, the patient showed satisfactory extension of the thumb and 40degrees extension and flexion at the wrist.

Epidemiological study of depression among patients with Hansen Disease at the national sorokdo hospital / 나학회지

OBJECTIVE: Geriatric depression is a disease, that possibly can cause serious problems, in case it is not detected and treated. As the mean age of patients on Sorok Island increases, possibility of depression along with dementia rises, but up to date prevalence of this disease in this population has not been studied. This study identifies dementia and depression in patients on Sorok Island via a questionnaire survey, to incorporate the results in future treatment. METHOD: Two hundred thirty-six Sorok Island residents (142 male, 94 female) were enrolled in this survey including Geriatric depression scale (GDS), Korean modified Mini Mental Status Exam (k-mMMSE), and Global Deterioration Scale (GDS). RESULTS: Suspicious group of depression was found in 25% and Certain group of depression in 17%, which adds up to a high overall prevalence of 42%. There was no gender difference in Suspicious group of depression, but Certain group of depression was significantly more prevalent in women compared to men. Suspicious group of depression detected with k-mMMSE and GDS showed a prevalence of 30% and 35%, respectively, and prevalence was higher in women. Comparing depression group to non-depression group, a significantly higher prevalence of depression group was detected in patients with symptoms of dementia. CONCLUSION: The results, compared to prevalence studies in other populations, showed a higher prevalence of depression and dementia in patients on Sorok Island. This may be due to the relatively higher mean age or due to a realtively lower functional level of the patients. Possiblity of dementia accompanied by depression is high, and in geriatric patients, the denial of depression or misinterpretation of it as somatic disorders is common. Thus, implication of these results in treatment may yield an improvement of future outcome.